Science & Systems
Swiss Cheese Model
The Swiss Cheese Model explains how accidents happen when holes in multiple safety barriers align, allowing hazards to slip through.
Science & Systems
Complexity, emergence, feedback loops, and the principles governing natural and designed systems
Science & Systems
The Butterfly Effect
The butterfly effect describes how tiny initial changes in complex systems can lead to dramatically different outcomes.
Science & Systems
Feedback Loops
Feedback loops occur when outputs of a system circle back as inputs, creating self-reinforcing or self-correcting patterns.